Assignment of CONTRACTual rights and obligations is one of the most important and well-known issues in different legal systems. The assignment of CONTRACT is recognized in Pre-Sale Building Act ratified in 19/1/2011. The legislator, in articles 17 and 18, specified terms and qualifications mentioned in this article. This article is based on descriptive-analytical method, and strives to discuss principles and standards in assignment CONTRACT and its justification in different legal systems. In addition, it also analyzes the assignment of CONTRACT in Pre-Sale Building Act. In this legislation, one of the most important terms known by lawmaker is the obligor’ s consent for assignment in writing and official assignment. It is crucial that the legislator considered this assignment which has many economic effects and it was a great step for unification of the assignment of CONTRACT in the Act. Assignment of CONTRACT is recognized separately in uniform law as well as in laws of different countries such as France, but it has not been considered in Iran.

This paper offers a modified circuit for improving linearization of power amplifier with based on the model of the Feed FORWARD circuit amplifier. With the help of mathematical model for the single power amplifier, the circuit is simulated und a demonstrator is built and measured. it is used a complex Taylor series for modeling the power amplifier by the approximation of the amplitude transfer function and the level-dependence of the transmission-phase of the power amplifier and can be understood as a simplified form of Volterra series. In our proof of concept experiment, we verified the concept but also found that the adjustment of the circuit is critically dependent on the drive conditions and linearization is achieved only for a narrow range of drive power. The simulation of the total circuit is largely determined by the models for the transmission characteristics of the two power amplifiers. The new circuit in compare with the conventional Feed FORWARD amplifier, in addition a significant increase in efficiency to minimize the power of the distortion signal 3IMD for large driving amplitude (large signals).

This paper presents a Transimpedance Amplifier (TIA) for high sensitivity Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). The proposed TIA is based on the Regulated Cascode (RGC) structure with an extra transistor employed to implement additional feed-FORWARD path and achieve higher gain values. The extra transistor senses a partially amplified input signal, available in the conventional circuit, and conveys an additional ac current into the load, which provides a higher gain. In addition, a bandwidth extension method is introduced using a capacitor and resistor, which can improve amplifier’s bandwidth by 40%. The proposed TIA is designed in 0.18µm CMOS technology and achieves a transimpedance gain of 101.9dB with a -3dB bandwidth of 91.2 MHz considering 2pF of photodiode capacitance at the TIA input. The input referred noise is 4.4pA/√Hz while dissipating 151µW power.

The rapid discoveries of X-rays by Roentgen, natural radioactivity by Becquerel and radium by Curies at the end of 19th century changed broadly the worlds of physics, biology and medicine. At the close of the 20th century, fundamental discoveries in biology at moecular level, often appear to overshadow this earlier work. However as more basic discoveries are made these separate scientific eras merged to contribute to the conquest of disease, specially cancer. The rapid advancements achieved during recent years, mainly due to revolutionary methodological improvements, have led to an unparalleled explosion of information. The exponential growth of data so impressive that the conceptual evaluation of the material has seemed almost an insignificant part of the scientific process. All these achievements have allowed researchers to ask new questions or to rephrase old ones. The result is a virtual avalanche of new formed knowledge.

Although arbitration is a CONTRACTual method of dispute settlement but it has a judicial output. This output emerged from imposing the arbitrator's award on disputing parties. The entry of the arbitrator into the arbitration process requires the establishment of a CONTRACTual relationship between him and the parties to the dispute. The agreement which is concluded by the disputers to obligate the arbitrator to settle the dispute is called the "Arbitrator's CONTRACT". This CONTRACT, which is considered less, at least in Iran's law, is the source of the arbitrator entry into the process of arbitration and his intervention in resolving the dispute. According to this CONTRACTual relationship arbitrator obligate to settle the dispute between disputers. In contrast, disputing parties also obligate to pay remuneration. The main practice of this research is to analyze the unknown relationship from the CONTRACT law perspective. An implicit assumption of the issue is twofold, firstly, men of parties in this pattern must be specified and then to check whether the issue and entity or the nature of that correlation can be applicable to the preset CONTRACT forms of civil law or it is a new separate design. Results from the analysis of relationship between arbiter and disputing parties reveals that at least three involved agents must meet the same state of mind on the case, which discusses unraveling issues in return of specified wage and finally this CONTRACT has its own nature and aspect.

In CONTRACTual relationships, the principle is to preserve and continue CONTRACTual relationships in order to prevent social and economic losses. This is the basis of the concept of "conversion of CONTRACT" analysed by judges by considering the "practical result", that is, economic purposes of the parties within the framework of "social interests". Therefore, the conversion of CONTRACT goes beyond the issue of interpretation, since it is justified on the basis of the "socialization of law" approach. In addition, this theory is not in conflict with Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), because it focuses on the socialization of law at the level of "the purpose of the CONTRACT" and does not seek to regain the basis of the validity of the CONTRACT in the social conscience. Therefore, it has been recognised as a legal rule in Fiqh and Articles 144 and 618 of the Civil Codes of Egypt and Afghanistan. In Iranian legal system, it has not been recognized despite its practical implications. Since, the conversion of CONTRACT has economic and social benefits and is not in conflict with Fiqh, it can be adopted in the Civil Code by putting various instances under one title.